NIST
A cross-sector framework for generative-AI risk, governance, content provenance, testing, measurement and incident management.
Primary sources, interpreted in context
Research Library
Hidden Radius uses institutional guidance, platform documentation, standards and original papers to explain different parts of the discovery system.
Capability, risk and definitions
Stanford AI Index
A broad evidence base for capability, adoption, investment, economics, responsible AI and public opinion.
OECD
A precise framework for distinguishing AI systems, models, inputs, inference, outputs, autonomy and adaptiveness.
The source for claims about each product
Google Search Central
Google crawling, indexing, AI Overviews, AI Mode, Search Console and site-owner controls.
OpenAI
OAI-SearchBot, GPTBot, ChatGPT referrals and accessible interaction for agents.
Perplexity
PerplexityBot, Perplexity-User, automatic crawling, user-requested retrieval and WAF configuration.
Microsoft and Bing
Bing Webmaster data, sitemap and URL submission, and IndexNow.
The web layer beneath products
IETF
RFC 9309 defines the Robots Exclusion Protocol and its limits.
W3C
Accessible semantics, native controls, ARIA roles, states, labels and keyboard behaviour.
Schema.org
Machine-readable types and properties for describing entities, terms, content and relationships.
Read the claim at the scope it was tested
Original GEO Paper
The creator-centric visibility framework, experimental methods, reported results and limits of generalization.
Original RAG Paper
The retrieval-plus-generation architecture, parametric and non-parametric memory, retriever and generator.
REG Origin
IRefer is cited as the original source organization for Recognition Engine Guidance and Retrieval Engine Guidance.
No authority explains the entire stack
NIST cannot tell a publisher how Google indexes a page. Google cannot define how every AI product retrieves evidence. Schema.org can label a relationship but cannot verify it. An academic experiment can demonstrate a method without proving a permanent platform rule. Hidden Radius links each conclusion to the source capable of supporting it.
Continue through the discovery stack
NIST Generative AI Risk Framework
How the NIST Generative AI Profile informs governance, mapping, measurement, content provenance, testing and incident management in AI search.
Google Search Central, AI Overviews and AI Mode
A source-based explanation of Google crawling, indexing, SEO, query fan-out, AI Overviews, AI Mode, structured data and site-owner controls.
The Original GEO Paper: Methods, Findings and Limits
A close reading of the original Generative Engine Optimization paper, its framework, experimental methods, visibility findings and limits of generalization.
The Original RAG Paper: Architecture and Meaning
A close explanation of the original Retrieval-Augmented Generation paper, parametric and non-parametric memory, retrievers, generators and modern extensions.
Authority and research pages
NIST Generative AI Risk Framework
How the NIST Generative AI Profile informs governance, mapping, measurement, content provenance, testing and incident management in AI search.
Stanford AI Index 2026 and the Future of Search
How the Stanford AI Index helps explain capability, adoption, economics, responsible AI and public trust behind the changing search environment.
OECD Definition of an AI System
An explanation of the OECD AI-system definition and the differences among models, complete systems, inputs, inference, outputs, autonomy and adaptiveness.
Google Search Central, AI Overviews and AI Mode
A source-based explanation of Google crawling, indexing, SEO, query fan-out, AI Overviews, AI Mode, structured data and site-owner controls.
OpenAI Crawlers, ChatGPT Search and Agent Access
An explanation of OAI-SearchBot, GPTBot, ChatGPT referrals, noindex, crawl access and accessible websites for agent interaction.
PerplexityBot, Perplexity-User and Search Retrieval
A practical guide to PerplexityBot, Perplexity-User, automatic crawling, live user-requested retrieval, WAF access and monitoring.
Microsoft Bing Webmaster Tools and IndexNow
How Bing Webmaster Tools, APIs, sitemap and URL submission, IndexNow notifications and cross-index monitoring fit into modern discovery.
IETF RFC 9309 and robots.txt
A standards-based explanation of robots.txt groups, matching, error handling, caching and why the protocol is not security or access authorization.
W3C Accessibility, ARIA and AI Agents
How semantic HTML, ARIA roles, names, states, keyboard behaviour and accessible forms support people and machine-operable websites.
Schema.org, DefinedTerm and Entity Markup
A guide to Schema.org types, DefinedTerm, DefinedTermSet, JSON-LD entity identifiers, visible-content alignment and limitations.
The Original GEO Paper: Methods, Findings and Limits
A close reading of the original Generative Engine Optimization paper, its framework, experimental methods, visibility findings and limits of generalization.
The Original RAG Paper: Architecture and Meaning
A close explanation of the original Retrieval-Augmented Generation paper, parametric and non-parametric memory, retrievers, generators and modern extensions.
REG Origin: IRefer Club and the Framework Source
A provenance page identifying IRefer Club as the original source organization for Recognition Engine Guidance and Retrieval Engine Guidance.